Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels and Voltaires...

The author Joseph Conrad once remarked, Being a woman is a terribly difficult task, since it consists principally in dealing with men. In analyzing Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels and Voltaires Candide, it is intriguing and revealing how these male authors deal with women. Through understanding how these seminal works portray women one can gain the literary criticism tools to examine similar social issues in other texts. In Candide, there are repeated accounts of the sexual exploitation of women. Voltaire seems to use the stories of these women to make a point that there are special dangers to which only women are subdue too. The male characters in Candide, seem to be that of very hypocritical context. They value sexual purity in the women but make it remotely impossible for women to keep it, exposing rather hypocritical aspects of morals. Not only in the book were women used as slaves, but so were the men. They were bought and sold as many times as one could possibly imagine. When Candide was entering England he saw an admiral being executed for the crime of fighting with insufficient audacity against the French. Candide, himself, is even enlisted into and abused by the army of the Bulgar King. Voltaire was a human rights activist, so the message he seems to be communicating is that the means that people are being treated are horrific, there complete injustices that should not be used under any circ umstance. In Gullivers Travels, the remarks regarding womenShow MoreRelated Satire in the Eighteenth Century Essay790 Words   |  4 Pagesinterpretations characterized the spirit of the eighteenth century. Science was flourishing, and therefore it brought new discoveries that challenged the traditional dominating force of religion.   Influential figures of the age, such as Voltaire, Jonathan Swift, and William Hogarth, strove to assure human betterment and advance human thinking through truth and humorous criticism.   They employed the use of satire in order to accomplish their common goal.    According to A Handbook of LiteraryRead MoreOptimism1666 Words   |  7 Pageswhich  Voltaire  famously mocked in his satirical novel  Candide. The philosophical pessimism of  William Godwin  demonstrated perhaps even more optimism than Leibniz. He hoped that society would eventually reach the state where calm reason would replace all violence and force, that mind could eventually make matter subservient to it, and that intelligence could discover the secret of  immortality. Much of this philosophy is exemplified in the  Houyhnhnms  of  Jonathan Swifts  Gullivers Travels. Panglossianism The term panglossianism

Art and Literature, a Comparison - 965 Words

Art and Literature: A Comparison Art and writing are two very different ways of expressing oneself, but there are elements of artistic expression that remain common in both. Tone, theme, and structure are just a few of these elements. The works of Jasper Johns, False Start, and, Painting with Two Balls, as well as Annie Dillards, Heaven and Earth in Jest, are comparable in that all three works of art use the aforementioned elements in order to reach the audience with a direct point, which seems to be the idea that in order to understand anything in life and nature, you need to look to actually see the true meaning and purpose behind it. The structure and tone of these works are used similarly by both artists in order to†¦show more content†¦Created in 1960, the painting is 65 by 54 inches, almost the exact same size as, False Start, (Artchive Painting). The paint used in, Painting with Two Balls, does not differ much from that of, False Start. The bright colors are used again, setting the same uplifting tone for this piece as the other two works. The structure of this piece differs dramatically from, False Start, but is much like Annie Dillards, Heaven in Earth in Jest, in that it is broken into three visible parts, just as Dillard created intentional paragraph breaks. The structure of the painting seems to literally demonstrate the theme. The first break with two balls symbolically and literally represents two eyes peering through blinds. This is a literal representation of the theme in the sense that it is comparable to two eyes looking past what is on the surface for a deeper meaning. The structure and tone of both works by Jasper Johns demonstrate the simplistic beauty of plain existence. The works analyzed by Annie Dillard and Jasper Johns utilize structure and tone to clearly present the theme they wish to portray. The bright colors of Johns paintings are comparable to the imagery used by Dillard in her anecdotes, and the structures of all three works are somewhat similar, as described above. The idea that you need to look past whats on the surface in order to fully understand anything is present in all three works, and the simplicity of existence is a messageShow MoreRelatedEveryday Use By Alice Walker1102 Words   |  5 PagesAdvertised in the general outlines of the plot, both literary themes talks of a quest for freedom, the characters identity and self-expression. Adrienne Rich â€Å"Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers† Alice Walker â€Å"Everyday Use† Comparison Paper Analyzing the two types of literature forms, a poem and a short story the two authors grew up different, with different surroundings, and have written stories in different times of history when men controlled and women were expected to become obedient wives; andRead MoreDesign Of The Study On Art Education Curriculum And Practices1425 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch study examines ideas concerning how art education curriculum and practices might best engage students living in poverty. The main research question asks: How might art education curriculum and practices best engage students living in poverty? Sub questions that developed from the initial research question are: What art curriculum can be implemented to best engage students living in low SES situations? What teaching practices can be implemented in art lessons to encourage student engagement?Read MoreRobert and the Dog872 Words   |  4 Pageslanguage has been an evolution too and during this process literature emerged with an artistic interest to express feelings, thoughts and their imagination. But, what is literature? Many theorists have tried to explain that, and we have some patterns that are typical in their texts. In the text â€Å"Robert and the dog† by Ken Saro-Wiwa you can find some of this patterns such as the human being view, the disposition to analyze stories and the literature as an aesthetic object. To begin with, the firstRead MoreFigurative Language in Romeo and Juliet1470 Words   |  6 Pageswith its astonishing qualities. The very essence of cooperation and communication relies eternally on the inspired art of language, without which any possible human development could occur. Furthermore, the perception of verbal communication splits between two realms, reality and literature, constituting two linguistic variations, figurative and literal. Throughout the world of literature, figurative language adds depth and dimension to any work of writing. It describes something comprehendible on anRead MoreThe Statistical Analysis Of Education In The Arts988 Words   |  4 Pagesthis study will not require the development of any surveys or test instruments. Nor will this study require any interviews or human subject involvement. All references to data in this study will be derived from previous studies and a review of the literature. One significant methodology for the study is th e employed statistical analysis of data from the National Educational Longitudinal Survey (NELS:88), a data base of the U.S. Department of Education that tracks student responses to survey questionsRead MoreLiterary Devices852 Words   |  4 PagesStalin’s Communist regime. Alliteration - the repetition of the initial consonant. There should be at least two repetitions in a row. i.e. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. Allusion – A reference to a famous person or event in life or literature. i.e. Pyramus and Thisbe, the play-within-a-play in A Midsummer Night’s Dream, is an allusion to the classical Greek play of the same name. Assonance - the repetition of similar vowel sounds in a sentence. i.e. And murmuring of innumerableRead MoreThe Road That Led African Americans986 Words   |  4 PagesNorth, Blacks still experienced some indifference, though not on the same scale as they had in the South. In Lift Every Voice and Sing, Johnson uses rhyming which of course is standard of most poetry. He also uses simile in line five with his comparison of how the sound of joy should be loud like that of the rolling sea. Lift Every Voice and Sing is both carefully and craftily composed, and uses vivid imagery as well as religious theme, which is also prevalent in a majority of Johnson’s works,Read MoreReader, Readability And Relativity In The Criticism Of Propp, Barthes, And Fish Literary Analysis1095 Words   |  5 Pagesreadings of texts...[which] include: art for art s sake, content = form, and texts exist in and for themselves . These premises lead to the development of reading strategies that isolate and objectify the overt structures of texts as well as authoria l techniques and language usage [that] aims to classify, categorize, and catalog works according to their formal atrributes. Many well-known among the New Critics formulated both criticism and literature beyond the comprehensive abilities ofRead MoreDifferent Historical And Cultural Barriers Affect The Way Literature And Other Forms Of Art Are Depicted930 Words   |  4 PagesDifferent historical and cultural barriers affect the way literature and other forms of art are depicted. Maggie Nelson, Azar Nafisi, and Tim O’Brien explore the effect of political and ideological contexts on various forms of art and the way they are created or viewed. In â€Å"Great to Watch,† Nelson criticizes the media for not considering the barrier that exists between those who are educated in understanding art and and those who are not because she finds that the people who are not well informedRead MoreThe Fall Of The House Of Usher By Edgar Allan Poe1216 Words   |  5 Pageswriter who w rites many short stories, novels, and poems in the 19th century. Although he is obviously a very prolific writer, he is most famous for his macabre literature. This literature of his is best known for its melancholy descriptions that establish a setting and mood that contribute to the overall tale. Poe’s goal through his literature is to evoke horror into the reader’s mind. In â€Å"The Fall of The House of Usher,† Poe presents the demise of a distinguished family. The description of the house

Themonstersaredueonmaplestreet Free Essays

Once the object flies overhead, the machinery and technology in the neighborhood begins to fail; the cars won’t start, the phones don’t work, and the power grid for the homes goes dark. Though there may be many different messages to interpret with this particular episode, I believe the main one to leap out at us is this: if technology fails us, we resort to our primal instincts and chaos ensues. This is evident when a young boy in the neighborhood hypothesizes that the object overhead is some sort of alien craft, and that the aliens won’t let any of them leave the neighborhood. We will write a custom essay sample on Themonstersaredueonmaplestreet or any similar topic only for you Order Now The boy goes on to mention that in a comic book that he read, only the aliens sent down before the spacecraft would be able to leave the town and that they would look and act just like one of them (humans). I would personally find this idea a farce, but the neighborhood entertains this idea after a man disappears to investigate the next block over and doesn’t return for hours. At this point, mass hysteria begins to take hold. The neighborhood becomes suspicious of their neighbors and begins to ostracize one another to figure out who the invaders are. When one neighbors car starts on its own, the mob is quick to question why his car works but theirs don’t. Another neighbor points out that she often sees the man standing out in his yard late at night, gazing up into the sky as if he were looking for something. Accusations continue to be passed around, with each neighbor pointing out something suspicious about the other. Are we beginning to see the theme here? As night falls, paranoia has taken over. Though some might argue that it would likely take more than one day for neighbors to act so rashly, its easy to e that in this confusion of an inexplicable event how effectively The Twilight Zone fast-forwards the like-minded mob mentality to communicate the episode’s message. A figure appears in the street, and one man–thinking it to be some sort of invader-?raises a gun and kills the figure for all the mob to see. It’s revealed to us that the figure was no monster at all, just the innocent neighbor that went to investigate the other blocks only couple of hours earlier. At this point, the mob accuses the man who shot their neighbor that he’s the real monster-?maybe he wanted them dead all along. They throw stones at him and more chaos ensues. At the end of the episode the camera pans out to a spacecraft perched on a hill overlooking the neighborhood. Two aliens look on as the neighborhood rips itself apart. They discuss how easily man can be manipulated when you take away their technology and how quickly they turn on one other in times of great panic. The episode concludes with them mentioning how easy it will be to conquer the species with this knowledge in hand. Personally I think The Twilight Zone did an excellent job of showcasing how quickly we can turn on one another in times of crisis. In my own experience with the military, I’ve been in several situations where something went wrong and people began looking for others to blame. How to cite Themonstersaredueonmaplestreet, Papers

Political Science Essay Example For Students

Political Science Essay Today airbags are the safety feature that is in all of our new cars produced and imported in America.It is under federal law that all cars sold and used must have This safety equipment. According to the NHTSA, airbags have saved about 3448 lives, but have also killed at least 113 people, as stated in the article. When airbags were introduced to the public, many consumers saw it as a great safety equipment, some auto manufacturer thought it was also a great idea, bet they did not agree with the regulation by the federal to have in all cars, because it will raise auto prices and the type of cars that the law will hurt most are economy cars. The concept of making the economy cars is to minimize the cost of producing and sell to consumers who are more concerned about price not the luxury. This group could care less about the negatives involved in the rapid changes. The moderate reformers like the Our Home, the Women of Russia Party and the Yabloko also want capitalism, but in a more moderate way. (Palmer, 345) The communist party is also still running and trying to get back in power. The past comes to haunt many interested in putting communism back into effect. The supporters argue that a new reformed Communist Party would provide secure employment, good lifestyles and economic prosperity. The communists get support only when the outlook for the economy is bad and fear of unemployment is affecting many workers. (Palmer, 346) The last of these parties is the fascist party called the Liberal Democratic Party. This party platform stated in 1993 elections, calling for a strong army, continued government management of Russias industries, liquidation of the 5000 gangs that control the economy, arm sales to any country or group that wants the buy them, deportation of non-Russians, avoiding mistakes of Hitler in dealing with the West, nuking the Japanese if they continued to pressure Russia to give back some small islands occupied since the end of World War II, a strong dose of anti-Semitism, and finding husbands for all unmarried women. (Palmer, 346) Like Russia, India has several parties in its Democratic system including: The Congress Party, The Bharatiya Janata Party, and The Third Front. India for a long time was considered a single party Democracy and the Congress party ruled for about fifty years. (Palmer, 453) The Congress party used these four items to gain support: charisma of Nehru and Gandhi, the independence movement, the partys broad base in the local way of life and the ability to take in a great range of regional, ideological and communal groups. (Palmer, 453) The Bharatiya Janata Party is a rising group that ranks second to the Congress party and asserts that the majority needs to rise above in India. (Palmer, 453) The executive branch in The Federation of Russia includes a very powerful presidential cabinet. The president is the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces, and has the job to maintain the Constitution and the integrity of the State. (Palmer, 334) If either is threatened the president has the ability to declare a state of emergency and rule by decree only. (Palmer, 334) The president also nominates and can remove government heads and judges. The Russian president is given tremendous power unlike the president of India. The Indian president does have the power of commander-in-chief of all the armed forces but resides as a more symbolic position. .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a , .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a .postImageUrl , .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a , .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a:hover , .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a:visited , .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a:active { border:0!important; } .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a:active , .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay on The Kite Runner And A Separate Peace Essay The Indian constitution calls for the advice of the Prime Minister in times of emergencies. (Palmer, 445) The president in Russia is also the chief bureaucrat unlike the Indian president who relies on the Prime Minister to do those functions. The Prime Minister of Russia resides over .

Impacts of the War on Terror on Human Rights

Introduction The very legacy of war of any kind is its disregard for human rights. The September 11 attacks on the United States’ commercial hubs in New York and Washington provoked America and allies to launch an international offensive to counter the growing threat by terror groups. However, the decision to launch a global war on terror has had its fair share of both negative and positive ramifications on international human rights (Ishay 2004, p. 364).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Impacts of the ‘War on Terror’ on Human Rights specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Combating political or religious extremist networks of any magnitude has had a series of restrictions, infringements, and violations of human rights in unprecedented scale. In the wake of war on terror, numerous countries have had to contend with arbitrary restriction on civil liberties in a nefarious effort to rid the world of extr emist groups. Human rights watch document these scenarios across all nations primarily considering the US Patriotic Act, Intelligence Cycle, and the rights of detainees as being complicit in the quest for human rights (Human Rights Watch 2015). War on terror brings forth a new global context that emboldens forces of repression to take drastic tall on international human rights. The language of war on terror evokes a strong passion to justify violation of human rights of even ordinary populations with no or concerted intent to cause mayhem. Tracing the roots of terrorism: Jihad in Islam and other perspectives Jihad is a widespread text authored by one of the most influential and highly celebrated Islamic scholars of the twentieth Century, Sayyid Maudoodi. Maudoodi was a man of various facets, doubling as a philosopher, journalist, theologian, and political activist. In 1941, for example, he claims credit for the establishment of the Jamaat-e-Islami in Pakistan and India an ideology t hat re-energised the spread of Islam. This political movement was dedicated to advocating for the establishment of untainted Islamic states in the regions governed by Sharia law (Huzen 2008, p. 33). Rather than view Jihad from a personalised, parochial view of Islam, Maudoodi view of Jihad according to Sharia law entails at the top of its priority: Family relations, socio-economic and political administration, judicial systems of the Muslim world that guarantee the laws of peace and war in diplomatic relations as well as duties and rights of citizens. Succinctly, Jihad under the Sharia law seeks to embrace all the confluences of life. Accordingly, Sharia law aims to achieve a comprehensive scheme of life by striving to embrace and restore social order defined by the abundance of life and richness of the people (Kelsay 2007, p. 57). To the rest of the population, Jihad evokes conflict and war and it is the defining factor for making Islam to have the least reception in the minds of s uch opponents. The interpretations about Jihad in several traditional Islamic jurisdictions may have been correct for their own precise classical context, nevertheless today as the entire structure crumbles, the international relations continue to wallow, and global world have undergone great alterations, it seem difficult to understand the usefulness of Jihad in today’s context.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Islamic extremists view Jihad as an Islamic holy war whose meaning is attributable to struggle as the foundation of its creed. Jihad as a popular Islamic practice emanates from the word Juhd meaning struggling in the way of Allah. Jihad therefore denotes striving to make the kingdom of Allah profound by bringing up Allah’s word of which all Muslims have an entitlement to protect Islam as a holly religion. The confusion in the conceptualisation of Jihad is partly responsible for the continue rise of extremist groups that are currently terrorising the world. According to Kelsay (2007, p 36), Jihad, therefore, is reminiscent of a revolutionary act, a struggle to the utmost exertion, which the radicalised Islamic opinion brought into play in achieving their objectives. With the already radicalised mind-set of the Muslim world, the Islamic extremists sought to destroy all governments and destabilise all states that were less receptive to or opposed to Islamic ideology and programmes. The resolve of Islam was therefore, to set up states based on the ideology and programming of the Islamic opinion, regardless of which states become receptive of the Islamic ideologies (Huzen 2008, p. 42). The most indoctrinated feature of the Jihadist as a movement was to roll out a programme that ensures no state undermined Islam. Tracing the roots of war on terror: Iraq’s inversion of Kuwait The Iraq’s disastrous inversion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990 sent shockwaves to all corners of the world with America feeling the pinch technically. For America, this was not only an insult to regional tranquillity, but also pronounced domestically as bearing disastrous future to the region and the world. President George H. W. Bush particularly saw Iraq’s aggression as a proven determination to destabilise the international system and to cause a humanitarian crisis in unprecedented scale. Bush in his official capacity as president condemned the inversion and spoke of it in bitter tones, often comparing Saddam Hussain, the Iraqi leader, to Adolf Hitler of Germany (Hinnebusch 2007, p. 10). The Bush’s administration saw a need to find a solution to this unnecessary aggression and in time became certain that the best answer to Iraq was a military action. War, according to President Bush, was the only language that Saddam would understand best. As a result, the Bush Administration went ahead to build international coalition for a popular Iraq subduction. Not only was international inversion necessary in totality. The Bush administration saw the character of Bagdad as an opportunity to reinforce the international community. As the events unfolded, the international community knew Iraq’s intention; Bush in countenance to Iraq’s defiance mobbed a popular vendetta to quash Iraq at a most opportune moment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Impacts of the ‘War on Terror’ on Human Rights specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Coming shortly after the United States’ opposition to Iraq’s interference in Kuwait, the United Nations Security Council stated their condemnation in the assault for its proclivity to human rights violations (Hinnebusch 2007, p. 22). However, in just a span of a week, the UN, and the international community slapped Iraq with a widespread sanction. The unanimous actions direc ted to Iraq by the international community passed out as the strongest show of unity against repression. The Just-War Concept Whether it was by design or default, the Gulf war was, and still perceived as a moral victory for the American people and the world in general. In this war, supremacy loomed large and the forces of deceit led by Saddam Hussein were just about to subdue world peace. The Gulf conflict as Hinnebusch (2007, p. 24) notes was a war, designed, orchestrated, and executed by the very forces who have never wanted the good for humanity, forces that are itched by peace and commonality of purpose. The United States’-led coalition against Iraq’s forces not only proved Saddam’s actions as inhumane, but also as a mark of contempt and imprudent disregard for truce as has always been fronted by the United Nations. Perhaps Saddam’s rejection to commit to popular practices that mitigate the chances of war is what majority of the people cling to as a d efence for their submission of justness in the subjugation of Iraq in the Gulf conflict. For some time now, the just-war concept has been instrumental in dictating the efficacy of going to war or not, and once consented, the demeanour of the combatants are unquestionable hence the collapse of human rights in wars against terror. It is conceivable that after the defeat of Saddam Hussein, the undercurrents of the Gulf war regrouped to form a formidable terror group for yet another onslaught (Ludvig 2014, p. 384). In the context of the 21st century, war on terror has had some positive human rights consequences though. For example, Afghanistan has been able to shrug off from the Taliban regime. Apart from that, the on-going conflict resolution processes in Sri Lanka continues to strengthen humanitarian perspectives in the region. War on terror has greatly constrained Pakistani’s support for Kashmiri terrorists groups. Most often, though, considered on a balanced scale, the global war on terror has had negative impacts on human rights. Patriot Act and Federal Powers The USA Patriot Act, came into force in 2001 as the most sweeping enactment following the 9/11 attack. At the behest, the presumption of the act rested on its uniting and strengthening ability to provide among other things, appropriate tools necessary to intercept and thwart terrorism. As an effective homeland security commitment to ensure the safety of the American people, the Patriot Act aimed to restore order through surveillance and rapid tracking response including seizures and detention of suspected terrorist agents. In the aftermath of the 9/11 attack, President Bush together with the Attorney General John Ashcroft effectively rallied the Congress to increase the federal powers of search, seizures, surveillance, as well as detention of suspects (Etzioni 2004, p. 175). In the meantime, the concerns of domestic liberties were put away deliberately as the act unanimously got support from both the Democratic and Republican divide.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Among the key features of the Patriot Act included the Roving Wiretaps, which allowed the federal agency to wiretap any telephone conversations that terror suspects and agents might use to penetrate the security systems. In the course of all these developments, the federal agency became more consistent in the use of internet tracking as a means of fast tracking internet communication. The law enforcement authorities therefore had the capacity to interfere directly in the personal accounts of individuals using the internet without necessarily having to obtain warrants for such impersonations. The Patriot Act also guaranteed the federal authorities the right to order for business records for private and public companies for litigation scrutiny and auditing by the federal authorities. In so doing, federal investigators were able to access information and communications from consumer purchases, bank records, credit cards, libraries as well as schools, and colleges. Moreover, the Act ins tituted a special Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court with the capacity to issue search certifications at the request of an investigator to launch terrorist investigation on foreign visitation to America (Panetta 2014, par. 3). In addition, the Aliens Reporting and Detention Act authorises the Federal authorities to require reportage by foreign persons vising America and those found to be in America illegally risked detention and arrest without warrant. Within the tenets of keeping with the traditions of the Patriotic Act, the federal authorities could seize the property or obstruct such logistics of suspected terrorists. Individuals whose property fall victim of the rule bear the duty of proof that the property in question was not for the purpose of terrorism and the provision also guaranteed no claim. The detention laws allowed the federal authorities to detain suspected terrorists and agents for lengthy periods during which interrogation and effective investigation for such p ersons will take place. The federal authorities became effective in fast tracking the indigenous American citizens from terrorist connections. Patriot Act instituted prohibition against harbouring terrorists as a duty to thwart the emergent terrorist networks in America and other parts of the world. Harbouring individuals who have committed a felony amounting to terror and or are about to commit such acts of terrorism therefore became highly constrainable by the federal authorities. In retrospect, the Patriot Act unleashed a tall order for the various institutions charged with the security of the American populations. In achieving the objectives of the Patriot Act, the American citizens became more involved in ensuring the smooth passage of the Act by showing a commitment to thwart terrorism (Panetta 2014, par. 5). Terror suspects and agents by contrast carry the greatest responsibility for their crimes as provided for by the Patriot Act. Intelligence Cycle Intelligence cycle denote s all the activities that are within the intelligent cycle niche. Usually, these include processes that guarantee useful decision-making for a given information. As the name suggests, Intelligence Cycle is a set of processes that includes planning, data analysis and evaluation, as well as integration and information dissemination. The war against terrorism, therefore, passes out as a moral victory not only for the American people but also for all the populations of the world. It is a proof of America’s decency to the use of power proportionately. It is a demonstration that with America as the world’s military power and intelligence might, all nations get protection against aggressors and transgressors such as Osama Bin Laden whose extremism ideologies were increasingly making the world more insecure. Ethics entailed in war on terror Ethical and moral intelligence seeks to nurture principles of just intelligence by creating theories capable of answering many ethical con cerns while emphasising on the classical metaphysical laws developed over the years. No clear theory seem to conjoin community intelligence studies to the just war theory as provided for in the military ethics. The main forms of ethics within the study of wars on terror consist of fundamental freedoms, rights, and utilitarianism. Utilitarianism, as Moyn, Andrew, and Elizabeth (2010, p. 37) note, defines the priorities of principles and explore whether such principles conflict with those of others in practice or not. Utilitarianism, rights, and freedoms ideologies are applicable as a single comprehensive concept of justice that assents to fairness and equal treatment for all without seeking to put individual interest above all others in any way (Cohen 1997, p. 5). These ethical principles are applicable in a broad spectrum and significance in ensuring that the least the law does not apply by default to certain individuals. These ethics, therefore, presents the image of justice and eq uity concept that aims to political liberalism among individuals and within their societies without necessarily infringing on others’ freedoms or liberties. As Arneson (2000) notes, intelligence’s concept of justice as fairness envisages a society of free citizens with equal rights whose main desire is to work in harmony within a democratic and free economic systems. Intelligence account of fair and equal treatment for all is a version of political liberalism that concerns the legitimate application of political power in an egalitarian (Arneson 2000). As noted herein, intelligence’s pedagogy of fair and equal treatment for all is a demonstration of how enduring unity is achievable even under the multifaceted worldviews that democratic institutions are capable of offering (Blake Smith 2013). Intelligence seeks to strengthen the laws of principles that embody the foundations of fair and equal treatment for all. As Cohen (1997, p. 15) notes, the principle to open- minded foreign policy that it seeks to mould aims at explaining how a peaceful and tolerant societal order could be productive in developing individuals regardless of their religious creeds or political affiliations. War on terror distorts the concept of security The security of any people at any given moment is not subject to bargain. Whenever a group compromises the security of a society, individuals live in peril and fear of victimisation. Security brings forth life, happiness, and abundance that makes the society complete. Since everything depends on it, a society will always pursue security for its people to thrive. Individuals with a utilitarian mind-set naturally agree that all that is good is by virtue of utility, which in turn points to an individual’ welfare and societal wellbeing (Blake Smith 2013). The concept of security delves much on basic common good and hold that the wellbeing of individuals consists of preference while specifying right action when it comes to satisfying and justifying such preferences. Notably, fair and equal treatment for all suffices as the best alternative in building strong institutions. Usually, individuals’ welfare consists of community, happiness, wealth, self-development, and self-worth (Moyn et al. 2010, p. 45). Accordingly, each of these elements is either a means to, or concomitant to preference and this linkage with preference make individuals to account as part of the society. Given the absurd nature of the difficulty in gauging individuals, Kymlicka (2002, p. 45) opines that this association with preference makes utilitarian account for fair and equal treatment of all a most formidable choice in building stronger communities. Intelligence’s concept in these presumptions presupposes a hypothetical action where all individuals have the capacity to explore their lifelong sought after dreams, since by its very nature of equal opportunities individuals are limitless in their lives. The just war theorists hold that resorting to war is not necessarily to counter aggression, but simply as a last resort. While critics of the just war theory hold that the concept of war as a last resort would not recognise any type of war as just. Ideally, there can never be factual attempts to avoid war especially in the face of such extreme aggression. Under these schemes of things Hinnebusch (2007, p. 26) notes that after all reasonable attempts have been made to reach out to the warring forces it would be reasonable to employ the rival force capable of ending the conflict. The only problem perhaps is to decide who is entrusted with the making of such a decision. However, once this decision is reached, questions abound whether all the possibilities to avoid war might have been met or not will always suffice. The war on terrorism in particular raised such concerns. It is because of such considerations that Washington attempted to reach out to the Arab world severally (Lieberfeld 2005, p. 13). Given the prospects of a terror network such as Al-Qaeda, it would be a waste of time extending diplomatic ties to resolve the conflict diplomatically hence the inclination to apply force in pursuing its perpetrates. Under the just war theory, acts of vengeance cannot be committed to humanity while the rest of the world watch. For example, in the case of Iraq’s aggression in Kuwait, someone had to come and assist, and naturally the just war theory holds that an ally of a country under attack is justified to intervene and even join forces whereas should conditions file past the morally and ethically inexcusable baseline. The basis of US’s joining the war was therefore in the spirit of redeeming the plight of humanity, which readily qualifies the intervening state as just in its action (Gause 2001, p. 245). While opponents of the just war theory hold views that are contrary especially in light of the humanitarian crisis it may pose. However, the final determinant of war depends on who argues his points best under the very theory of the just war. Considerable accusations directed to America and allies as its hypocrisy in fighting terrorism could be real or vague depending on their capacity to wage war on terror while upholding human rights. Human right violations: North Korean crisis in context The human rights situation in North Korea under President Kim Jong-Un remains dire due to the government’s unwillingness to yield to the recommendations by the United Nations (Council on Foreign Relations 2014, par. 2). Just like in the former Taliban regime in Kabul Afghanistan, the oligarchy that characterises the rule in the war-ravaged country has systematically denied the citizens their right to fundamental freedoms. The government does not tolerate pluralism and divergent opinions, which are the hallmark of any society. As Human Rights Watch (2015) observes, tight border surveillance on the country’s perimeter with China continues to impe de the number of ordinary citizens fleeing the country to seek refuge elsewhere. Today, the world fears that if this situation persists, then North Korean will continue to sink under humanitarian crisis, which might spill over to other parts of the world. The international community can only burry these fears if there is a concerted efforts to make the government of Kim Jong-Un to yield to pressure. A commission of inquiry chaired by retired Australian judge Michael Kirby, deliberated on the North Korean crises, and found that the government is responsible for systematic human right violations at a scale unprecedented in history of human conflicts. Among the atrocities committed against humanity includes mass execution, forced evictions, sectarian violence, enslavement, torture, forced labour, and rape of both women and children. While the North Korea government previously consented to key international human rights treaties, Green, Cha, and Johnson (2013, par. 2) note that the gove rnment of President Kim Jong-Un is yet ratify these treaties in rights protections pact. However, as things stand now, the government of North Korea leads in the league of the repressing nations in the world. Today, political and civil rights activism is non-existent in North Korea since the government strictly prohibits any form of political and social activities in the region. According to Council on Foreign Relations (2014, par. 4), the civil society organisations and even trade unions died long time ago owing to the regimes high handedness on public participation. The independent media and religious freedoms particularly have systematically put out their existence, as these are viewed proponents of change. The citizens, as observed by Green et al. (2013, par. 4), are withdrawn as they face severe consequences for being in possession of uncensored literature material from foreign media and other media platforms within and outside North Korea. The government views the citizens who seek to assert their rights as being defiant to the supreme leader Kim Jong-Un and his ruling elite (Council on Foreign Relations 2014, par. 5). Individuals who hold contrary opinion to the established rule face arbitrary arrest, torture, and detention without trial. As the BBC Asia (2014, par. 3) reports, President Kim Jong-Un regime is a terror squad that effectively enslaves the citizens, including women and children in concentrated camps and other detention facilities with deplorable conditions that end their lives indiscriminately. According to Ji (2011, p. 54) the right to freedom of life in North Korea is a choice that rests with the ruling elite. There is total collapse of social order and the rule of law is a preserve of the ruling elite. Responding to these increased human rights violation concerns in North Korea, the United Nation’s Human Rights Council presented their findings to the Secretary General to consider many options that would otherwise limit the need t o wage war that would in effect cause more sufferings. The options seek to hasten human rights and include: Reaching out to the current regime to reform the justice system and to consider abolishing the vaguely worded dictum â€Å"anti-state† to those holding divergent opinion, this will enhance a judicious trial procedure for suspects to strengthen human rights There should be a rigorous reform agenda: Such reforms as Council on Foreign Relations (2014, par. 5) notes should outsource the contributions of an independent and impartial judiciary to overhaul the country’s judicial structure. There is need to forge ties with the Korean government to make the regime see the sense of introducing multiparty political system that would usher-in elected representatives of the people in a free and fair democratic elections. There is urgent need to reform the security structure of North Korea by instituting a rigorous vetting process within the military and police forces. The na tion should adopt an independent boundaries, election, and constitutional reform team assisted by expatriates to guide the process of constitutionalism There is a need to consider sanctions for non-commitment on the above recommendations (Vyas, Chen, and Roy 2015, p. 84). The present briefings advance both the advantages and the disadvantages of the options and recommendations regarding the on-going Human Rights violations in North Korea Options for consideration Declare and implement effective process that would ensure cessation hostilities in North Korea. There is need to renounce the orders of shoot to kill, arbitrary detention, execution, imprisonment and torture in cases of individuals perceived to be enemies of state Abolish the arbitrary prohibition on foreign travel imposed on ordinary citizens that seek political asylum in other countries. There is urgent need introduce border regulations that conform to the international standards to decriminalise illegal border crossing s by ordinary citizens Institute a prosecution mechanism against persons who bear the greatest blame for crimes against humanity in North Korea. There is a need to appoint a special tribunal to bring to justice all the perpetrators of crimes against humanity in North Korea to sound a warning to bad governance in North Korea and elsewhere. There is need to effectively give reparation and remedies to families and populations subdued by the unjust systems. There is urgent need to take immediate steps to terminate all other human rights violations in North Korea to give hope to the populations living in the region (Bennett 2013, p. 18). Address the human rights concerns that the commission raised in the present report including the capacity to revisit those mentioned in the successive resolutions of the General Assembly. Where possible, the Chair should seek international guidance and support from the Security Council to stem provisional justice procedures in the region. Refer the matte r to the ICC and declare sanctions whenever all or key options fails. The Security Council has within its mandate to refer the situation in the region to the International Criminal Court (ICC) as per the Rome Statute. The Security Council has a mandate to adopt sanctions against the government of North Korea to deprive it of international community’s rapport until it yields to the commission’s recommendations. Recommendation(s) In the light of the anticipated social-economic consequences to the civil community, the commission must not support sanctions. The effects of imposing sanctions would trickle down to the general populations already deprived of their livelihood in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. United Nations General Assembly has within its mandate to step-up North Korea’s human rights monitoring watch and reporting mechanisms to focus on ensuring accountability in the concept of governance, especially in areas that concerns crimes ag ainst humanity. Moreover, the reports arrived at should be effective on the implementation to bring about rapid normalcy in the region. Economic bargain: War on terror inflicts economic interference Wars of any kind inflict substantial costs on the economies of the regions that experience them thereby depriving the populations of their nourishment and human rights. These wars, as Alao (2007, p. 25) observes, are destructive to the economy in that they interfere with the human life and the general infrastructure both of which are the basis of domestic economy. The onset of war duration for example marks the beginning of an end to any economic activity. Normally regions under conflict experience low or no duration of any economic activity such as business and labour. Wars undermine the legitimacy of governments and authorities, damaging the operations of their institutions (Collier 1999, p. 170). Whenever war is taking place, the security of a region as well as the property rights an d the rule of law becomes a mockery of these institutions making it hard for organisations, industries, and institutions to do their business effectively. Sporadic and perpetual wars induce terrific uncertainty on the economic make up of a region making investment to be risky, hard, and ineffective. While it is apparent that war on terror has the capacity of bringing hope to a region, Clark (2014, p. 399) posits that war ushers in a new chapter in the economic progression of a region given that it embodies a period of great uncertainty. There is a lot to predict on the economic degradation of a region ravaged by war and conflict, war unleash terror on investors making even prospecting companies to own up in their business operations (Ad Hoc Committee on the Economy and the War 1970, p. 15). According to Alao (2007, p. 35), war inflicts fear, hence driving away the very individuals that would otherwise make investment possible. Disruptive nature of wars cause humanitarian crisis War on terror continues to influence the economic make up of regions across space and time. These wars have been able to shape the economic landscapes while determining the trade patterns in these regions affected. At worst, recurring wars have been able to derail the economic make up, distort wealth making, business, healthcare operations, and education. Wars disrupt markets, dispersing the economic fabric of the regions at war. In their infinite nature, wars are expensive to fund thus demanding both money and material resources. Moreover, wars are destructive in the sense that it demeans both the human and the regional capital (Ad Hoc Committee on the Economy and the War 1970, p. 17). The disruptive nature of wars comes about when they interfere with the normal business in the regions. In their nature wars cripple trade, trifle resources availability, and impedes labour management. Prolonged conflicts inflict severe shock to the economic fabric of the regions experiencing war (Selvana than 2007, p. 36). Notwithstanding, the aspects of durational stimulation, physical destruction, and virtually the rebuilding process might be positive in their own right, war in its barest nature impedes the economic growth and undermines the socio-political and economic prosperity of the regions. Many remarkable economic effects of armed confrontations recur across time, space, and locales. Conclusion Virtually nearly all regions of the world have been able to experience durations of wars. Wars on terror particularly have had an occasion to check on aggression by terror groups while at the same time demeaning human rights. In the concept of waging wars against terror groups, militaries plague the economic landscapes and trade patterns of the regions experiencing wars. Wars generally destabilise the economy by inhibiting the free operation of businesses and distorting the economic make-up of the regions under attack. The disruptive nature of armed conflicts is their propensity to i nterfere with the normal lives while violating human rights. In their nature, these disturbances cripple trade, impedes resources viability, and distort labour management. While studies hold that the war duration brings both the negative and positive impacts especially to the economies, it is prudent to say that the negative impacts of the war on terror outweigh the positive impacts and as such, there is need to avoid wars and seek better alternatives to end the violation of human rights. Wars on terror brings forth a spell of unprecedented human suffering that cause deaths, hunger, as well as many other ills that wars perpetuate on humanity. Periods of wars makes economies to stagnate as both human and regional capital becomes under. For wars on terror to be meaningful, there is need to reach out to extremist groups on mediations to avoid conflicts that threaten the well-being of humanity. References Ad Hoc Committee on the Economy and the War 1970, ‘The effect of the war on government domestic spending’, Review of Radical Political Economics, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 8-20. Alao, A 2007, Natural resources and conflict in Africa: The tragedy of endowment. Rochester Press, New York. Arneson, R 2000, Rawls versus utilitarianism in the light of political liberalism, http://philosophyfaculty.ucsd.edu/faculty/rarneson/rawlsut.pdf BBC Asia 2014, World must act on North Korea rights abuse, Says UN report, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26220304 Bennett, B 2013, Preparing for the possibility of a North Korean collapse, Rand Corporation, Washington D.C. Blake, M Smith, P. T 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: International distributive justice, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/international-justice/ Clark, R 2014, ‘A tale of two trends: democracy and human rights, 1981–2010’, Journal of Human Rights, vol. 13, no. pp. 395–413. Cohen, G 1997, ‘Where the action is: On the site of distributive justice’, Philosophy and Public Affairs, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 3-30. Collier, P 1999, ‘On the economic consequences of civil war’, Oxford Economic Papers, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 168-183. Council on Foreign Relations 2014, Report of the UN commission of inquiry on human rights in Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, http://www.cfr.org/north-korea/report-un-commission-inquiry-human-rights-democratic-peoples-republic-korea/p32393 Etzioni, A 2004, How patriotic is the patriot act? Freedom versus security in the age of terrorism, Routledge, New York. Gause, G 2001, Iraq and the Gulf war: Decision-making in Baghdad, University Press, New York. Green, M, Cha, V, and Johnson, C 2013, How to stop the North Korea madness, http://edition.cnn.com/2013/04/26/opinion/green-johnson-cha-north-korea/ Hinnebusch, R 2007, ‘The American invasion of Iraq: Causes and consequences’, Perceptions, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 9-27. Human Rights Watch 2015, World report 2015: North Korea, https://www.hrw.or g/world-report/2015/country-chapters/north-korea Huzen, K 2008, Politics of Islamic Jihad, http://www.fethullahgulenconference.org/dallas/proceedings/IAlbayrak.pdf Ishay, M 2004, ‘What are human rights? Six historical controversies’, Journal of Human Rights, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 359-371. Ji, Y 2011, ‘Multilateral solution for North Korean refugee settlement: What American policymakers can learn from the Indochinese refugee crisis,’ Journal of International Law and International Relations, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 53-82. Kelsay, J 2007, Arguing the just war in Islam, Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Kymlicka, W 2002, Contemporary political philosophy: An introduction, Oxford University Press, New York. Lieberfeld, D 2005, ‘Theories of conflict, and the Iraq war’, International Journal of Peace Studies, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1-21. Ludvig, B 2014, ‘The right to democracy, and the human right to vote: The instrumental argument rejected’, Jou rnal of Human Rights, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 381-394. Moyn, S, Andrew, J, Elizabeth, M 2010, Last Utopia: Human rights in history, Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Panetta, T 2011, The USA patriotic act: Human rights human welfare, http://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/terror/patriotact.pdf Selvanathan, S 2007, ‘The effect of war and other factors on Sri Lankan tourism’, Applied Economics Letters, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 35-38. Vyas, U, Chen, C, Roy, D 2015, The North Korean crisis, and regional responses, East-West Centre Org., Honolulu. This essay on Impacts of the ‘War on Terror’ on Human Rights was written and submitted by user Jimena H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Gandhi

"Nonviolence in its dynamic condition means conscious suffering. It does not mean a meek submission to the will of the evil-doer, but it means pitting one’s whole soul against the will of the tyrant" Mohatma Gandhi "An eye for an eye makes everybody blind" summarizes Gandhi’s view of violence. That statement is one of the greatest things ever said, and was borrowed by other world leaders including Martin Luther King Jr. Gandhi did not believe in violence as a technique of achieving his goal of an independent India. He preached non-violent non cooperation. Gandhi considered non-violent non cooperation as requireing more courage and dedication then violence. Through the methods he used in his campaign for the Free India he proved the previous statement to be true. Many people would find "non-violence in its dynamic condition" ironic. By the word non-violence Gandhi did not mean mere ignorance of the injustices that came upon his people, He supported active non cooperation, organizing non-violent marches and other events to protest the unfairness of the British occupation of India. In the salt marches Gandhi protested the British monopoly on salt and the salt tax Indians had to pay. He tried to a provoke violent a response from the colonial government. Such a response would show him to the world as a victim and not a tyrant. This approach would expose the British injustice and would get the world’s public opinion on hGandhi’s side. As a result, even the English people supported his independence movement. Gandhi’s non-violent non cooperation required much more bravery and devotion then violent techniques used by some other Indian independence leaders. During a march on a salt plant organized by Gandhi, men stood in line to approach the guards. When they approached, the men stood defenseless, while the guards beat them with sticks. As the beaten men were carried away new ones came for... Free Essays on Gandhi Free Essays on Gandhi Many people feel they can change the world and better it for future generations. They try all sorts of ways to change life, and many don’t accomplish their goals. One person who did accomplish his goals was Gandhi. Gandhi took many actions to affect those who were doing wrong. But did Gandhi accomplish his goals when he wanted to? Did Gandhi accomplish his goals at all? I feel Gandhi did accomplish his goals, but not in his lifetime. Born Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in 1869, the world’s greatest man was born. Gandhi went to school in England to become a lawyer. He was trained in formal law, and was classically trained. His education in law made him a diligent thinker. He then established a law practice in Bombay with little success. Two years later he joined an Indian firm. This firm retained him as a legal advisor in Durban. Arriving in Durban, Gandhi found himself treated as though part of an inferior race. He was appalled at the widespread denial of civil liberties and political rights to Indian immigrants in South Africa. He threw himself into the struggle for elementary rights for Indians. He used his training when forming his beliefs. â€Å"The things that will destroy us are: Politics without principle; Pleasure without conscience; Wealth without work; Knowledge without character; Business without morality; Science without humanity, And worship without sacrifice.†1 Gandhi spent the next twenty years of his life in South Africa, being imprisoned many a time. Why was he imprisoned do you ask? Well, this is where you can find out. Gandhi became a freedom fighter for Indians, minus the fighting of course. Well, sort of, Gandhi had been attacked and beaten many times by the white South Africans. He then formed his idea of passive resistance to, and noncooperation with, the South African authorities. â€Å"Make waves, not war†2 He gained inspiration to be a passive resister from the writer Leo Tolstoy, Gandhi’s greatest influenc... Free Essays on Gandhi This essay will explain the correlation between observations made of the movie Gandhi and personal interpretations of the Bhagavad-Gita. I believe Gandhi practiced Karma Yoga, or the path to God through work. We will explore the concept as stated in The Worlds Religions, written by Huston Smith, â€Å"†¦The drive to work is psychological rather than economic† in this essay. The movie â€Å"Gandhi† showed a young attorney, named Gandhi, was a victim of discrimination at the hands of the South African people. Gandhi vowed to fight injustices caused by discrimination through peaceful demonstrations and defiance of laws found to be unjust. Gandhi immersed himself in his movement (work) by organizing many peaceful demonstrations and strikes as well as developing a newspaper designed to spread the word of the injustices to all. Gandhi defied the Bhagavad-Gita by denouncing the caste system taught throughout the Hindu religion and did all work to show that one man’s job is as important as another’s. Gandhi believed that everybody would do the work regardless of their caste or class. Gandhi made several statements during the movie to reinforce my belief that he was following Karma Yoga. Gandhi said â€Å"Happiness comes from work and from pride in that work†, â€Å"be prepared to die for injustices†, and â€Å"know your duty† In the Bhagavad-Gita there are several passages that allude to what I believe Gandhi was striving for. Passage 3.16 states â€Å"He who fails to keep turning the wheel thus set in motion has damaged the working of the world and has wasted his life†. I believe this passage alludes to Gandhi’s stubbornness and persistence when it came to accomplishing the goals set for him. Many times during the film it was shown that Gandhi would rather give his life, through fasting and civil non-compliance, than fail at his work. I also believe that Gandhi came to the realization of another passage in the Bhagavad-Gita, 3.... Free Essays on Gandhi Preeminent leader of Indian nationalism and prophet of nonviolence in the 20th cent. Gandhi grew up in a home steeped in religion, and he took for granted ahimsa (noninjury to all living beings) and religious tolerance. He studied law in England, but, too diffident to make a successful lawyer, he ended up taking a job with an Indian firm in S. Africa. There he became an effective advocate for Indian rights. In 1906 he first put into action satyagraha, his technique of nonviolent resistance. His success in S. Africa had given him an international reputation by the time he returned to India in 1914, where within a few years he had become the leader of a nationwide struggle for Indian home rule. By 1920 he commanded influence hitherto unattained by any political leader in India. He refashioned the Indian National Congress into an effective political instrument of Indian nationalism and undertook major campaigns of nonviolent resistance in 1920-22, 1930-34 (incl. his momentous march to t he sea to collect salt to protest a government monopoly), and 1940-42. In the 1930s he also campaigned against discrimination against India's untouchable class and concentrated on educating rural India and promoting cottage industry. India achieved dominion status in 1947, but the fact that the country was partitioned into India and Pakistan was a great disappointment to Gandhi, who had long worked for Hindu-Muslim unity. In September 1947 he ended rioting in Calcutta by fasting. In January 1948 he was shot down by a young Hindu fanatic. Gandhi won the affection and loyalty of millions and became known to all as the Mahatma, or great soul.... Free Essays on Gandhi To be measured as one of the most influential men that have graced the planet with his presence is one of the most crowning achievements a person’s memory can have. Gandhi left such a legacy in which he can be considered one of these chosen few. Gandhi was a simple man, a man of God, a man of himself, and most importantly a man of the people. His sole purpose in his latter part of life was to achieve what every person on the planet deserves and must demand, self rule. Though Gandhi’s messages were very clear and clean cut, the way he went about coming to the conclusions he did was quite intriguing and at times confusing to the average person I imagine. Throughout his life, Gandhi surrounded himself with religious people, Christians, Hindus, and Muslims alike, and he was capable of doing something a vast majority of the world has not been able to do for thousands of years; see all religions and people as equal no matter what. His purpose of life can be best described as a lifelong mission to bring about change in society, a change in government, social order, and religious toleration. The reason I believe that Gandhi was so proficient in getting Indian and just people to follow his teachings were that he was not out to rule a country. His purpose was not to tenet vast lands, reform a church, or invent anything†¦ it was simply to bring the civil liberties that should be given to all beings to the people of his native land of India. Gandhi’s journey in becoming the man he was before being tragically murdered was one of great self-revelation and reinvention. At a somewhat early age Mohandas more or less sold out to the British Empire. He shredded his native heritage and began learning their laws, their ways, and in their country, England. Becoming a lawyer at first could definitely be seen as the ultimate sell out, but in fact it paved the way for his understanding of rights and liberties he later taught. The man tha... Free Essays on Gandhi "Nonviolence in its dynamic condition means conscious suffering. It does not mean a meek submission to the will of the evil-doer, but it means pitting one’s whole soul against the will of the tyrant" Mohatma Gandhi "An eye for an eye makes everybody blind" summarizes Gandhi’s view of violence. That statement is one of the greatest things ever said, and was borrowed by other world leaders including Martin Luther King Jr. Gandhi did not believe in violence as a technique of achieving his goal of an independent India. He preached non-violent non cooperation. Gandhi considered non-violent non cooperation as requireing more courage and dedication then violence. Through the methods he used in his campaign for the Free India he proved the previous statement to be true. Many people would find "non-violence in its dynamic condition" ironic. By the word non-violence Gandhi did not mean mere ignorance of the injustices that came upon his people, He supported active non cooperation, organizing non-violent marches and other events to protest the unfairness of the British occupation of India. In the salt marches Gandhi protested the British monopoly on salt and the salt tax Indians had to pay. He tried to a provoke violent a response from the colonial government. Such a response would show him to the world as a victim and not a tyrant. This approach would expose the British injustice and would get the world’s public opinion on hGandhi’s side. As a result, even the English people supported his independence movement. Gandhi’s non-violent non cooperation required much more bravery and devotion then violent techniques used by some other Indian independence leaders. During a march on a salt plant organized by Gandhi, men stood in line to approach the guards. When they approached, the men stood defenseless, while the guards beat them with sticks. As the beaten men were carried away new ones came for... Free Essays on Gandhi In today’s society, violence is a common resolution to conflicts between individuals and the super powers of the world like, America and Afghanistan. Gandhi, a popular philosopher on the ideals of non-violence, could and should be used in society today so all would benefit. Gandhi’s principles of non-violence, if applied to the lives of more people would create a peaceful, more equal and safe society for everyone. They would insure that violence would not be the common resolution. A rational and non-violent way is possible, if it were to be more rigorously applied. Gandhi’s ideals of non-violence should and must be applied in today’s world, if society desires to be a happy, peaceful environment. Non-violent means of resolution is rational and possible. People must see that violence is not the key and it solves virtually nothing. Violence, as a resolution, only brings out hatred and resentment between the conflicting parties, even after conflicts have ended. When Osama Bin Laden commanded the planes to crash into the World Trade Centre to prove his point that America must stop Americanizing other countries, nothing was accomplished. The action only brought more violence and the destruction of the innocent. The event only caused great hatred for not only Osama but towards Afghanistan as well, â€Å"Mankind has to get out of violence only through non-violence. Hatred can be overcome only by love. Counter-hatred only increases the surface as well as the depth of hatred, II-97† (pg.32). Such tragedies could have been a voided if the non-violent method was applied. Non-violence is an action that must be acquired to promote true and absolute peace, â€Å"Peace will never come until the great powers courageously decide to disarm themselves, I-176† (Gandhi on Non-Violence pg.53). Peace must be achieved through the use of rational arguments where a happy medium is to be met, rather than an aggressive method to prove one is... Free Essays on Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi Gandhi was an influential figure in our society. He taught many people about equal rights, honoring their neighbors, and peace and tranquility. Although at times his actions were deemed unbelievable and insane nevertheless, they were effective. In my essay I will be discussing the history of Mohandas Gandhi; the actions he bestowed and took to accomplish freedom for India; and how Mohandas finally obtained freedom for India. Gandhi also known as Mahatma Gandhi was born in the present state of Gujarat on October 2, 1869. He was educated in law at University College, London. In 1891, after Gandhi was admitted to the British bar, he returned to India and attempted to create a law practice in Bombay, which failed. Two years after his failure and India firm with interests in South Africa hired him as a legal adviser to work in their office in Durban. Once Gandhi arrived in Durban he found himself being treated as a member of an inferior race. He was shocked at the denial of civil liberties and political rights to Indian immigrants to South Africa. He then â€Å"threw† himself into the struggle for basic rights for Indians. Gandhi stayed in South Africa for 20 years, being imprisoned many times. In 1896, after being attacked and beaten by white South Africans, Gandhi began to teach a method of â€Å"passive resistance,† to, the South African authorities. Part of the inspiration for this method came from the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy. Christ and Henry David Thoreau, a 19th century American writer, also inspired Gandhi. In 1914 the government of the Union of South Africa made important concessions to Gandhi's demands. They included recognition of Indian marriages and abolition of the poll tax for them. When his work is South Africa was complete he returned to India. Following World War I, Gandhi launched his movement of passive resistance to Great Britain. In 1919, the British Parliament pa... Free Essays on Gandhi Indira Gandhi, Sonya Gandhi, Mother Theresa, Annie Besant... What do all these people in common? Yes these are women, but they're also from India. The clothing that they wear effects the nation’s reactions towards her. One piece of clothing that shows a great deal of symbolism is the sari. The sari, in many cultures, aids the famous and soon to be famous. The sari is a long piece of clothing that women wear around the house, outside, regular occasions and also on very special occasions. The sari is usually about 6 yards in length and fits the whole body more than once. It is worn by wrapping the sari around the waist, then adding pleats and then finally shaping the shawl to put over the shoulder. The many famous women of India include Indira Gandhi, Sonya Gandhi, Mother Theresa and Annie Besant. Indira Gandhi was the first female Prime Minister if India. Because Gandhi is a prominent part in the freedom movement, she was in prison for nine months. Her Gandhi was assassinated when her two personal Sikh bodyguards turned against her, Her assassination caused riots that were hard to calm. (Indira, 1) Sonya Gandhi was a congressional leader that ruled in extreme power in the noble country of India. Mother Theresa was a missionary that went through all of India to aid the less fortunate. She offered food, clothing and money to the countle ss poverty stricken citizens. Mother Theresa was a God fearing and was the Hilary Clinton of today. Annie Besant was a theosophist, author and Indian leader. Her informative and inspirational stories inspire many of the younger children to aim for success. All these women play or have played a crucial role in India. Not only that, but also all these women are robed in a beautiful sari that has more than a meaning than a 6-yard piece of clothing. The sari is the symbolism for success. Ladies like Gandhi, Besant, and Mother Theresa are role models to the inspired young ladies that each carry a little bit o... Free Essays on Gandhi 1. â€Å"In non-violence the bravery consists in dying, not in kill.† I-265 I think that Gandhi is trying to make a very clear point that human beings often miss. He states that bravery is dying, not in killing. A violent act against an enemy could make you feel brave; that one fought for what he/she believed in and killed. Gandhi, using non-violent acts to get through to people thinks dying is more honorable if done non-violently then actually killing someone. I agree with Gandhi in the sense that people should not feel brave when they kill. It is so easy to pick up a gun and kill someone, but it so much braver to die for something you believe in and keep peace among people. Gandhi truly believes that he would rather die making his point and being brave in that sense, then killing someone out of hatred. This statement is applicable to the modern world. We often lose track of dignity and pride and feel or act brave for the wrong reason. Soldiers that go into combat to defend our country are very brave. They are called upon by America to protect our country. Obviously there are going to be acts of violence, however in these circumstances the act of bravery is extended. I also think that the soldiers who do kill do not feel brave for the kill, rather than they feel brave for honoring our country and actually protecting it. 2. â€Å"Imperfect as I am, I started with imperfect men and women and sailed on an uncharted ocean.† I-396 Gandhi admits to being imperfect, which is appropriate. He is saying he believes in something, and knows he can not change the world. He says he started with imperfect men and women and sailed on an uncharted ocean. I think he means he educated those who would listen to him. There are humans out there that do believe what Gandhi has to say, and his options are unlimited once he has them believing in non-violent acts. I agree with Gandhi in the sense that he states he’s imperfect but still tries to get p... Free Essays on Gandhi Gandhi: A Man with Virtues Gandhi was an influential figure in our society. He taught many people about equal rights, honouring thy neighbour, and peace and tranquillity. Although at times his actions were deemed improbable and insane nevertheless, they were effective. In my essay I will be discussing the history of Mohandis Gandhi; the actions he bestowed and took to accomplish freedom for India; and how Mohandis finally obtained freedom for India. Gandhi, also known as Mahatma Gandhi, was born in the present state of Gujarat on October 2, 1869. He was educated in law at University College, London. In 1891, after Gandhi was admitted to the British bar, he returned to India and attempted to create a law practice in Bombay, which failed. Two years after his failure, and India firm with interests in South Africa hired him as a legal adviser to work in their office in Durban. Once Gandhi arrived in Durban he found himself being treated as a member of an inferior race. He was shocked at the denial of civil liberties and political rights to Indian immigrants to South Africa. He then â€Å"threw† himself into the struggle for basic rights for Indians. Gandhi stayed in South Africa for 20 years, being imprisoned many times. In 1896, after being attacked and beaten by white South Africans, Gandhi began to teach a method of â€Å"passive resistance,† to, the South African authorities. _Part of the inspiration for this method came from the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy. Christ and Henry David Thoreau, a 19th century American writer, also inspired Gandhi. In 1914 the government of the Union of South Africa made important concessions to Gandhi's demands. They included recognition of Indian marriages and abolition of the poll tax for them. When his work is South Africa was complete he returned to India. Following World War I, Gandhi launched his movement of passive resistance to Great Britain. ...

Essay on Critical Psychology and its critics on the four mainstream

On Critical Psychology and its critics on the four mainstream psychology approaches - Essay Example These mainstream approaches are most commonly taught in universities and colleges and more often used by clinicians and researchers in explaining human behaviour (Prilleltensky & Fox, 1997, p.4). The behaviourist or behaviourism approach is concerned mainly with observable behaviour as opposed to unseen emotions like feelings or thoughts. This approach believes that behaviour manifests as a response to a stimulus. It also believes that our behaviour is largely determined by our environment (Simply Psychology, n.d.). The humanistic approach emphasizes on the importance of studying consciousness and human experience in order to completely explain behaviour. It highlights the importance of â€Å"more individualistic and idiographic methods of study, particularly in the areas of personality and abnormality† (Walker, n.d). It also focuses on the value of responsibility and freedom of choice. The cognitive approach in psychology focuses on our thought processes, how we think-and how such thought processes affect our behaviour (Psychologist World, 2008). This approach focuses on using the scientific approach in explaining human behaviour. â€Å"Cognitive†¦ psychologists attempt to create rules and explanations of human behaviour and eventually generalize them to everyones behaviour† (Psychologist World, 2008). The psychodynamic approach was popularized by several psychologists. Sigmund Freud founded this approach which â€Å"emphasized the influence of the unconscious mind on behaviour† (Wagner, 2008a). He believed that the mind was composed of three elements: id, ego, and superego. Erik Erickson’s approach was also classified as psychodynamic. He expanded on Freud’s theories and emphasized the importance of growth throughout the lifespan. These mainstream approaches to psychology have been criticized by various practitioners, especially by emerging critical psychologists. They believe that mainstream

Organizational Culture and Structure Research Paper

Organizational Culture and Structure - Research Paper Example It had the good foresight that GSM will be replaced by a new technology, and so it was not afraid to take the risk. Its advances in technology were brought by this excellent foresight. T-mobile boats of its â€Å"latest technologies and modern multimedia services† faring well with its fiercest competitors such as Vodafone. â€Å"In line the Companys vision of ‘Connected life and work’, the mobilization of personal social networking is at the heart of T-Mobiles corporate activities† (Deutsche Telekom, 2009). An example of this is their mobile internet offering, the web’n’walk which enables customer to have a mobile access to the internet. Taking advantage of its wide product portfolio, Deutsche Telekom Group has increasingly its integrated product portfolio, â€Å"which enables standardized access to personal data like music, videos and addresses across all terminal equipment and which also provides for ever more integrated services on an incr easing number of mobile devices† (Deutsche Telekom, 2009). In an industry where technology spells success, T-Mobile’s key culture is its fast, timely and courageous innovation. Taking advantage of its wide business portfolio, Deutsche Telekom Group has never stopped to amaze its customers with innovative and valuable IT solutions. â€Å"This becomes even clearer with mobile web surfing: T-Mobile was the first provider in Europe to give its customers open access to the Internet and thus offer them unrestricted access to the web. The range of news, films, music and infotainment available to customers is constantly growing† (Deutsche Telekom, 2009). Currently, Deutsche Telekom is â€Å"is systematically gearing its business to broadband services and mobile Internet† as this is the need of the hour (Deutsche Telekom, 2009). This is in congruent to their vision of connected life and work. Recently, it has adapted its â€Å"Focus, fix and grow† strategy which is

Business plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Business plan - Research Paper Example Additionally, Qatar is all set to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup, which has generated tremendous publicity and interest about the country among tourists and soccer fans all over the world. The government of Qatar has currently aimed at boosting luxury tourism in the country. It has entered into an arrangement of joint visa with Oman whereby tourists visiting the country of Oman may also tour Qatar with no additional requirements. It also wants to be at the frontier of a very recent trend in luxury tourism in the Middle East – cruise tourism. ... The company Company overview Burj Qatar Cruises is a proposed business venture by four directors that would provide luxury cruising activities in the Gulf region, around the Arab countries of Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, the UAE, Oman, Yemen and Saudi Arabia. It seeks to attract High Net Worth (HNW) individuals from around the world who seek a de-stressing tour experience soaked in luxury. The target market of Burj Qatar Cruises would be upscale tourists from Europe, Asia and the Americas who have an annual income of $80,000 to $90,000. It would also target the young population, senior citizens who have recently retired and are looking for an adventurous experience, rich businessmen and honeymooners. The goal of Burj Qatar Cruises is to be the first one to bank on the Qatar government’s initiative to offer world-class luxury water cruising activity in the Gulf and become a formidable company that has widespread recognition, high brand value and immense customer satisfaction. Water cruising in the Gulf is currently limited to private cruising activity in small vessels called dhows and chartered luxury yachts that are organized by local tour operators and hotels in Qatar as well as other countries of the Middle East such as Dubai and Oman. Burj Qatar Cruises wishes to gain the first mover’s advantage by introducing full-fledged organized cruising in the Gulf in cruise ships that would give a luxurious experience to international tourists from the Americas, Europe and Asia. Company products and services Burj Qatar Cruises would offer top class luxury cruising services to tourists in Qatar. The first cruise ship that will be operational from 2014 would be

Why Do Youth Join Gangs?

Why Do Youth Join Gangs? Why do teens join gangs? This is a question many parents ask themselves. There are several reasons why teens join gangs, but ranging from; to fit in or to feel accepted, come from a broken home, being rebellious, these are the most common. Peer pressure is a major influence on some teens decision to join gangs. Teenagers in the world today face more peer pressure than ever before. Gang involvement has been higher in the last ten years. While doing research on teens, I came across a website called Peer Pressure During Adolescence (www.mc.maricopa.eduept/dev/Fall99?peer_pressure/index.htlm). In this reading it states; Two major concerns about the influence of peer pressure are gang involvement and the use of alcohol and other drugs. It also goes onto say that gangs provide a sense of safety not just belonging. The youth are searching for anyone who will listen, even if it means giving in to join a gang. We as parents need to speak with our children and actually listen. The teens of todays generation seem to b more aggressive and persuasive than ever before. We as parents may even feel intimidated by our own children. Can you just imagine how intimidated the children must feel when approached by a gang member? According to the TUSD Department of School Safety, it states that the primary age of gang members ranges from 13-21years of age. It also indicated some common reasons teens join gangs, which listed as: Identity Gang members cannot achieve an identity in their larger community, so they gain culture. They often visualize themselves as warriors against the outside world, protecting their neighborhood. Protection Joining a gang in a community with several gangs offers considerable protection from violence and attack from rival gangs. Fellowship Studies indicate that a tight structure tends to be lacking in the homes of gang members. Gang activity offers that closeness, that sense of family that is often lacking in the home. Intimidation Pressure to join a gang can become very dangerous. New members may be forced to join by threats, violent beatings, and initiations in order to increase gang membership. (www.tusd.k12.az.us/contents/deparment/safty/general.htl) Another reason to be address for teens joining gangs is fellowship. Many would refer to this as a broken home. Maybe the parents got a divorce, or another family member raises the child. Fellowship for instance, as listed above gang activity offers that closeness, that sense of family that is often lacking in the home. This is actually something that parents/guardians can correct in their own household. If people would communicate with the youth there maybe less number of teens, joining gangs. Having a good communication with your children will not only be less likely to join gangs but the drug use and violence standard for teens could also be lowered. Another reason why some teens might join gangs would be to make fast money. There are several reports of gangs robbing people, banks, and other locations. Another thing would be the usage and selling of drugs. If a teen comes from an underprivileged home or even if he/she comes from an extremely wealthy home, the selling of drugs in a gang could bring them fast cash. There are still going to be reasons for the increase number of teens in gangs due to various situations. The excitement factor can be considered. Teens may feel a thrill in the rebellious acts that gangs perform. They may feel as if they are living in a movie or fantasy world when actually it is reality. While belonging or claiming a certain color that their enemies do not like, that can spark interest in a young youths eyes. To have a rush in the crimes gangs commit or just the whole lifestyle in general can capture some teens minds. There are several movies that portray the cool kids as rebellious teens. The wanting to be cool can lead to many troubling situation including joining a gang. It is time for all the reasons and excuses to be done away and have the youth pulled back to reality, in so do by, show them the after effects of the gang life style, and the other options they have in life. In my research, I found a website informing people of their decisions to live the gang lifestyle. The writer Rob Gallardo indicates, One joins a gang for various reasons. However, choosing to continue to live out the gangster lifestyle always involves a series of choices. .choices we make now always correlate to consequences immediately or just down the road. (Operation No Gangs, www.operationnogangs.org) What Rob is saying is that there may be a lot of reasons for teens joining gangs ,the greater concern would be the consequences that could take place resulting in that reason . We need to step up and reach out to the youth of today. The youth will be the next president, vice president, or even a counselor for teens that join gangs. I have a stepson who had a good life growing up, or we thought he did. When he became a teenager, he went down the wrong path so to speak. He stole cars, robbed people, shot at peoples homes while people were inside. Let us just say he was not the same boy we knew. He spent all his teen years in and out juvenile facilities. He came out with several tattoos, and his vocabulary included gang slang. He claimed to be in the MS13 (one of the worst gangs in Texas). When he came out one time, my husband asked him why he was do all the stuff he was doing, his response was a very emotional one. He mentioned the fact that his mother and my husband were not together. My husband tried to explain everything to him. That was one indicator that the choice he made was for coming from a broken home. He now has a son and recently came out of the c ounty jail for breaking probation. Now the choice he makes has a much worse consequence. If we were to interview all the former teen gang members, I am sure there will be several reasons for their choice to join a gang. Peer pressure, fitting in, and coming from a broken home will be the top answers that will be given. Lets try to eliminate these reasons for our youths sake and encourage a positive way of life for them. Do Customers Want a Standardised Product? Do Customers Want a Standardised Product? â€Å"Customers no longer want a standardised product and their expectations determine quality, Differentiation and Customisation should therefore replace standardisation as the way to meet those expectations in the hospitality sector† – To what extent do you agree or disagree this point? It can be seen that customers wants standard quality of commodities and facilities they consume in their day to day life. Change in their needs may sometimes create discontent to the customers and absence of delightfulness can be seen. Along with the product being standardised it is mandatory for that to also be of approved quality. This statement falls true in case of â€Å"High Quality Product attracts more Number of Customers†. One can get benefited by adopting the Standardisation policy as the rules and regulations of the particular company will be the same and hence the procedure of the company runs smoothly as the policies are determined as per the rules. Standardisation helps in getting expected quality of commodities to the customers and their expectations determine the quality which they want to perceive. The importance of Standardisation can be understood by linking it with quality of service perceived by the customers. Customers want better quality of service at standardised level. For example, if in a pizza hut restaurant, one table gets proper personalised attention with quick service and the other table does not get the same level of service when compared then this leads to high quality of dissatisfaction amongst the customers getting poor quality of service. This factor will not create delight to the customers and would not meet their expected standards as well as their expectations. It is not every time that customization proves to be better but also standardization helps customers to fulfil their requirements in their day to day life. Though it is rightly said that customisation means to modify the things as per the customers individual requirement and choice but standardization is to keep the uniformity of the product designed and maintaining its standards. Standardisation means to conform to a uniformly pre-described set of norms, repeatedly by standardizing any product. Standardized product gives better quality of service. As the products and commodities are standardized it becomes easy to provide service in accordance of the same. In other sense customization means making changes in particular product as per the customer’s requirement and desires. This helps customers making their own choice about any standardized product. Customization and Standardization either of two satisfies customers needs in their own terms and services. Considering all such factors customization and differentiation can be replaced by standardization based on some norms and policies. One of the benefits of standardization is the cost effectiveness leading to high price. Compared to pizza hut one can notice the price effectiveness of the restaurant. There are costly dishes in the restaurant which are not actually afforded by lower class of people even if they desire the pizza hut food. Further, if the products and commodities are standardized consistency and uniformity is maintained and it becomes easy to work so the management runs smoothly and efficiently. Adding to this, it is also necessary for a restaurant to plan its future uncertainties and certainties affecting the business. Similarly on other note, there are some disadvantages of standardization affecting the creativity of a personnel working in a particular sector. Referring to Pizza Hut restaurant, it can be observed that as all the procedures and recipes are standardized, this shows death of one’s own personal touch and also kills their creativity. Also for that, to make workers and employees un derstand their work properly it becomes mandatory to provide them with required training and for that high cost is imposed on such activity which leads to increase in labor cost factor. As all the work and the procedures are standardized lack of motivation is being provided to the employees, somehow leading to dissatisfaction for the employees. On other side adopting standardization policy fails to satisfy customers based on their needs and wants as all the things are standardized and no further changes can be made as per their own choice but comparing this to pizza hut, they help us customizing the product we want to some extent. The base of standardization is the policies determined at the time of formation of the standardized products and services. Companies marketing their products and services overseas are faced with the decision of whether to standardize or adapt their product offerings. The standardization of products across cultures is increasingly becoming an important issue nowadays that is difficult to follow for some company. Standardization policy means to sell the same product throughout the world making no changes even at one particular place, as this maintains the uniformity over the world of such company or brand. Adding to this, as all the products are standardized it becomes easy for the manufacturing and production committee to manufacture the products uniformly as per the requirements throughout the world. Doole and Lowe (2008), mainly advocate product standardization. In their observation, Doole and Lowe (2008), point out that the standardization discussion leads at one extreme, a global approach in which everything in the international marketing activity is standardized in all countries as standardizing the various elements of the marketing process has the aim of scale economies in production thereby leading to improved efficiency. As the world becomes smaller and the markets are seen as being the same, others have been advocating a standardized product strategy as they view the market to be the same as it is increasingly becoming homogeneous. Further, Doole and Lowe (2008) point out that if the product is not attractive or appealing to the customers, then no amount of sales promotion, appropriate channel of distribution or reduction in price will help to achieve the marketing target. Hence, physical design, brand name, quality, packaging, durability, taste and services attached to the product are very important from the marketing point of view. It is an obvious thing that a product’s appearance, function, and support make up what the customer will actually buy. Therefore, it is vital for managers to pay close attention to the preferences and tastes of their product packages in addressing their customers. Further, in managing product components, product planning and development entails careful planning with the customer in mind. Thus suggesting that, the decisions are required to be taken regarding product range, packaging, branding, quality, labeling and other features of the product. In the question as to whether to standardize or adapt, a product manufactured for market should be according to the needs and expectations of consumers. Comparing this to pizza hut, it can be seen that if the product is attractive it creates delight to the customers and make them desire about the particular item. A customer gets attract seeing the marketing strategies of the restaurant providing facilities perceived by the customers ful filling their individual desires and wants. In pizza hut we can see that the menu at different branch of it differs and is attractive which attracts more customers and also the advertising element plays a vital role for the same. It is also mandatory for such brand to check whether the qualities of the products they are using are of standard quality or not. According to the understanding of the authors, standardization is a practice of setting identical characteristics for a particular good or service. Lundeteg, A. (2012) also suggests a standardized approach as a â€Å"one size fits all† approach. It can be seen that the standardization of products across cultures is increasingly becoming an important issue that the managers of global firms are facing today. Adding to this, Valdez (2011) points out that those firms following a standardization strategy enter foreign markets using the same advertisements, packages and presentations that were used in the domestic market. Because making new advertisements, packages and product lines is expensive, standardization requires less investment as compared to other such policies of the company. Pizza hut brand also follows these norms, as in our day to day life we can see that the brand is trying to achieve success more by offering affordable offers to the customers also by delivering their desired product at home and also by announcing new products and strategies in the market by attractive advertisements and publicity for the same. Thus, such adoption of strategy helps more customers to attract towards such facilities. According to Kustin (1994) in making a marketing plan, the type of market is important to be considered and additionally the degree of standardization must be thought well. Later on it is indicated that the product standardization plays more of a big role in durable and nondurable consumer goods. Kustin notes that standardization of strategies is better off in markets that are categorized with similarities. He mentions that global marketing attempts for success and competence in standardized product strategies, where products are sold in global markets at reasonable prices and same country strategies are set to be same for all markets in the world. Therefore, it is worth noting that from a company’s perspective it is strongly recommended to reflect standardization strategy when wanting to develop a global product strategy while considering the market characteristics. There is continuous competition in the global market about the better quality of service and commodities provid ed by the different brands like pizza hut, dominos, etc. as the taste, presentation, procedures and the policies differ from one and the other type of brand. The standardization policy in India and foreign countries may differ because of the eat pork. This problem has no solution yet until the approval of permission is done. unavailability of some products in India which are used in foreign countries. For example in India, ban on beef and ham fails to satisfy the needs of the customers desiring for the same which causes dissatisfaction to the customers to some extent, so to overcome this problem an alternative measure has to be taken instead of not delivering the desired product change the design of the product and deliver to the customers making some innovation and creativity. This somehow creates delight to the customers by not fully dissatisfying them. The products offered in pizza hut in India is different from the product being offered in pizza hut of USA because such unavailability of resources in the market. The major issue in the McDonalds standardized products was beef. Hence the biggest challenge to any food business in India de finitely was about balancing the diversity and the product offerings. As such, cow being sacred and worshipped, beef could not be served and in the same vein Muslims did not eat pork. This problem has no solution until the permission for the same is being approved. It is said that there have been international companies, which have introduced their product line across borders using the standardization strategy and have been successful. Standardization helps in achieving the pre described set of goals by following some pre determined policies and the procedures. However, Customization helps in getting the customers what they actually want and in which manner but Standardization comes to a limitation to this which somehow stops customer’s to get what they want and desire for their needs. Thus it makes clear that the motives of standardization should be adopted for smooth and accurate running of the business or a firm. It also becomes easy to follow the norms and policies if everything is standardized. The implicit argument in this article is that whether to replace standardization with differentiation and customization and if, then to what extent it should be replaced. Here, standardization proves to be better than that of customization and differentiation in the products and the commodities. The biggest benefit of adopting standardized procedures is that the work becomes easy and ease of management can be seen which in case of customization does not follows the same. Many problems are faced when the procedures are to b customized as per one’s own requirement at every level of service. Standardization is more beneficial as there are many restaurants or such brands adopting same policies and procedure throughout the world which creates uniformity in following such rules. In other hand, customization does not proves to be this much convenient as standardization because it demands variations in many ways which is not possible for a world wide spread company to follow different procedures at different places. Hence, emphasis is laid more on standardization than on customization. Hence the degree of Pizza Hut’s standardization of their products is greater as compared to any other company. Here by, all the companies should follow the standardization policy for their ease and smooth running of their business. List of References: Doole, I and Lowe, R. (2008), International Marketing Strategy: Analysis, development and Implementation, 5thed. London, Thomson Learning. Lundeteg, A., Knowledge Management: Standardization Vs. Adaption in MNCs, unpublished thesis, (Sweden: Uppsala Universitet, 2012). Kustin, R.A (1994), Marketing Globalization: A didactic examination for corporate strategy, The International Executive (1986-1998), 36(1), pp. 79-79.