Babylonia and the Law Code of Hammurabi

Babylonia and the Law Code of Hammurabi Babylonia (roughly, modern southern Iraq) is the name of an ancient Mesopotamian empire known for its math and astronomy, architecture, literature, cuneiform tablets, laws and administration, and beauty, as well as excess and evil of Biblical proportions. Control of Sumer-Akkad Since the area of Mesopotamia near where the Tigris and Euphrates rivers emptied into the Persian Gulf had two dominant groups, the Sumerians, and Akkadians, it its to as Sumer-Akkad. As part of an almost endless pattern, other people kept trying to take control of the land, mineral resources, and trade routes. Eventually, they succeeded. Semitic Amorites from the Arabian Peninsula gained control over most of Mesopotamia by about 1900 B.C. They centralized their monarchical government over the city-states just north of Sumer, in Babylon, formerly Akkad (Agade). The three centuries of their domination is known as the Old Babylonian period. The Babylonian King-God Babylonians believed the king held power because of the gods; moreover, they thought their king was a god. To maximize his power and control, a bureaucracy and centralized government were established along with the inevitable adjuncts, taxation, and involuntary military service. Divine Laws The Sumerians already had laws, but they were administered jointly by individuals and the state. With a divine monarch came divinely inspired laws, violation of which was an offense to the state as well as the gods. The Babylonian king (1728-1686 B.C.) Hammurabi codified the laws in which (as distinct from the Sumerian) the state could prosecute on its own behalf. The Code of Hammurabi is famous for demanding punishment to fit the crime (the lex talionis, or an eye for an eye) with different treatment for each social class. The Code is thought to be Sumerian in spirit but with a Babylonian inspired harshness. The Babylonian Empire and Religion Hammurabi also united the Assyrians to the north and the Akkadians and Sumerians to the south. Trade with Anatolia, Syria, and Palestine spread Babylonian influence further. He further consolidated his Mesopotamian empire by building a network of roads and a postal system. In religion, there wasnt much change from Sumer/Akkad to Babylonia. Hammurabi added a Babylonian Marduk, as chief god, to the Sumerian pantheon. The Epic of Gilgamesh is a Babylonian compilation of Sumerian tales about a legendary king of the city-state of Uruk, with a flood story. When, in the reign of Hammurabis son, the horse-back invaders known as the Kassites, made incursions into Babylonian territory, the Babylonians thought it punishment from the gods, but they managed to recover and stayed in (limited) power until the beginning of the 16th century B.C. when the Hittites sacked Babylon, only to withdraw later because the city was too distant from their own capital. Eventually, the Assyrians suppressed them, but even that was not the end of the Babylonians for they rose again in the Chaldean (or Neo-Babylonian) era from 612-539 made famous by their great king, Nebuchadnezzar.

Science and Technology Essays

Science and Technology Essays Science and Technology Essay Science and Technology Essay In recent years, a lack of communication between people has been a significant issue in modern society. It is certainly true of my home town. In this essay, several reasons of the phenomenon and solutions will be discussed. One of the biggest reasons is that people has lost their opportunities to interact with neighbours. There used to be various kinds of local communities few decades ago, however, less and less people participate in these communities because they are busy for work and study in a recent hectic society. The development of technology also has lead to little relationship in the society. While people tend to spend more time at home by internet surfing, the conventional method of communication is losing its importance. A lack of connection within the community units may significantly influence the society. In fact, an increase in the amount of crime in my hometown is now one of the vital issues and many of them seem to be solved by the improvement of local communities. To solve the issues, the local counsel should provide more practical community supports for citizens so that people can gather frequently to exchange their information. It is also important to have special occasions such as local festivals, meetings and educational classes in order to enhance persons quality of life too. In conclusion, even though there are some issues of a lack of communication between people in my hometown, the problems can be solved by enhancement of community supports. In todays world, technology has invaded many aspects of human life. From its gigantic influence on our education and professional development, to the more subtle presence of little gadgets littering our homes, technology is almost everywhere. The reasons for such pervasiveness would boil down to some characteristics that technology by itself possesses. One such characteristic, which is of major interest to many scholars, is the seeming lack of barriers to the spread of technology. It easily penetrates societies and even to remote communities, and once it reaches its destination and catches on, it becomes seemingly difficult to stop its spread. As a result of this, consumer technology like cellular phones, computers, PDAs, radios and televisions have become commonplace in places like Africa, even with all the barriers one would have envisaged. Sadly, it does not need much analysis to realize that even though technology usage is growing rapidly in Africa, we still have numerous developmental problems in our continent. This is a situation where advanced technology is coexisting with underdevelopment in Africa. With all the power that technology wields, it will be a useful exercise to study the ways in which it can be used to solve some of those very problems it has come to meet. In essence, using our little gadgets to solve our big problems. Where would we be as a global community without the study and aid of science and technology? How could humankind have survived through the ages without it? Science and technology have been around for almost as long as time itself. Ancient caveman used early science to learn how to make fire. Caveman, who developed spears from sticks tied with carved stones to hunt with, benefited from the creation of science. The word science (2009,  ¶ 1) comes from the Latin word: scien tia, which means â€Å"knowledge† or â€Å"knowing† and technology (2009,  ¶ 1) comes from the pairing of two greek words: techne and logia which means â€Å"art or craft† and â€Å"skill†. Throughout the centuries, many different fields of science and technology have been developed as ways to better understand the natural world around us. Much of the early studies of science and technology pre dating the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were dismissed and labeled as being forms of magic or the works of supernatural forces that should remain unchecked and unquestioned. Many early scientific experiments of that time were deemed unethical and frowned upon by society. Advancements in the fields of science and technology are ethical and necessary to the beneficial development of humankind. It would seem that in today’s society the methods of science and technology are once again being scrutinized by society. Many of the break throughs and developmental research that is conducted by scientists in the medical field as well as other fields of science are being deemed by society as unethical. Some extremists are claiming that some of the scientific developments are entering the realm of God’s work, and that we as humans should not be tampering with.

Full internal and external environmental analysis of Morrisons Essay

Full internal and external environmental analysis of Morrisons - Essay Example It also offers British and continental foods and light snacks. It offers a wine bar filled with assorted fine and traditional wines, spirits and ales. It has a fruit and vegetable section. It also has a fresh flower section consisting of different flowers, shrubs and plants. Morrison runs a complete array of pharmacy products and services which provide private consulting. It has a complete set of over-the counter medicines, and a prescription collection system. The company also offers services such as petrol filling stations, dry cleaning and photo processing services. This supermarket chain has branches in Britain, Wales and Scotland. Morrison has its in-store label products which consists of â€Å"The Best† a brand which covers a range of meals made from the finest ingredients. It also has the Eat Smart a brand which refers to specific calorie, fat, sugar and salt controlled meals. It carries the â€Å"Betta Buy†, a brand which pertains to a select group of food and h ome products at low prices. Morrison’s â€Å"Organic† is a brand which caters to organic products. It has â€Å"At Home† brand which refers to quality home and accessory products. The â€Å"First Home† brand pertains to affordable home essentials products. Its brand â€Å"Complexions† covers cosmetics and make-up products and accessories. In Britain, the supermarkets are defined as stores with at least 2,000 square feet having three or more checkout counters. These modern supermarkets stock merchandise comprising of food groups and regular household items. (Curth, et. al., 2002). The Stakeholder’s Analysis is applied to the William Morrison Plc group. This analysis helps organizations focus on important areas of the business. (Learned, et.al., 1969) The project has several stakeholders. The first group of stakeholders is the consumers consisting of the family households such as the parents, children and other family members. Morrison is able to provide high-quality food

Bankability Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Bankability Law - Essay Example One of the major aspects of project financing is understanding the reason for project financing, preparing the financial plan, determining the risks of the project, designing the project, and sourcing the required finance for the completion of the project. The last aspect of project financing, sourcing the funds, requires a broad knowledge for designing contractual agreements, to support the bid or finances. In many cases, the financiers of the project will include government agencies, private partnerships, financing structures, and major financial institutions. The financing institutions will usually require an analysis of the project so that the credit requirements of the borrower can be ascertained, the borrowing capacity of the project be ascertained, and the project analyzed in terms of cash flows, expected return and the repayment of the cost. The financing institutions will take into account the tax and accounting issues of the project and the risk factors to determine the fea sibility of completion and the chances of repayment. In this case, the concept of bankability refers to the consideration taken by a lender to determine whether a project is feasible and will repay the loan provided for its implementation2. A project in finance is usually considered bankable if the major providers of funds are willing to lend to finance the project. Many projects are funded on a project finance consideration, where a special procedure is set to determine the estimated cash flows and determine whether the project is feasible. In terms of bankability, the project financier will assess the expected cash flows and duration of the project; assess the risks associated with the project to determine whether the project is a credible choice for financing. The financing for a project is usually repaid through the cash flows earned from a project, and a financier will always look to the assets and revenues of the project before extending a loan. In traditional forms of finance , the financier will consider the past credit performance of the borrower and determine the ability to repay a loan, but in project financing, the lender considers the ability of the project to repay its financing. The subject of risk of the project is also important since the lender usually has no recourse to the project assets; therefore, the expected cash flows are used to repay the loan3. This means that the credit risk associated with the borrower is of no consequence, instead, the risk associated with the project determines the amount and duration of the loan being extended. However, before the lender decides whether to lend to the project controllers, some risk issues have to be assessed and the project itself analyzed. According to Vinter4, bankability differs in terms of the deal itself, the market for the project, and the risks associated with the project. This means that different projects have different associations for bankability, depending on the lender’s view of the feasibility of the project. This paper will analyze the risks that lenders will analyze when considering the bankability of a project, the steps taken to mitigate these risks, and the decisions regarding the bankability of projects. The paper will then exemplify the issue of bankability using already completed projects in the global market. Risk minimization process The consideration of the bankability o

Audience profile Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Audience profile - Assignment Example The potential customer for the company has been divided into two groups, one group is males and females aged between 19 to 35 years who are single or live together with a partner (no children); the other group is young families with children, where the parents are aged between 25 to 40 years. On the basis of the findings, the following table has been created to illustrate the products and its market more clearly. Product Product Depth SKU Target Market Organic Smoothies Blackberry and Blueberry Cranberry and Red Currant Wild Strawberry and Red Cherries 750 ml cartons 200 ml plastic bottles Males and females aged 19-35, who are single or live together with a partner (no children). Young families with children, where the parents are aged 25-40 Brief Analysis The age group (19-35 years) have always been the potential target customers for fast food products. Similarly, marketers of ice-cream products such as Smoothies, target this age group. Reports also reveal that ice-cream and its rel ated products are witnessing high sales figures (Mintel, 2012). This category of product is mostly consumed by the age group 19-35 years. Those who are single or live together with their partners are likely to spend more time with their friends. They also visit restaurants or fast food outlets more than any other age group. In addition, the survey revealed that most of the respondents of this age group have a positive attitude towards the product. One of the major reasons of a positive attitude of this group towards the product is the absence of health concerns. Smoothies are products which have high calorie count and hence there are health concerns associated with this product. A large number of people belonging to this age group hardly have any concerns about health. On the other hand, a substantial number of people from the age group 25-40 years are health conscious and try to consume only those fast foods which have lesser number of calories. Apart from that people of the age gr oup 25-40 years are mostly married and thus their lifestyle is different and remains busy with their work. Hence, from the analysis it is absolutely clear that the age group of 19-35 years is more prospective than the age group 25-40 years. Therefore, it is recommended to the company that they should target people who are of the age group 19-35 years, single or live together with partners and do not have any children. Now, in this context, The Berry Powerful Smoothie Company is advised to use Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) to reach out to the customers. Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) is an approach which aims at achieving the marketing campaign objectives, by the use of well-coordinated promotional methods, which are intended to emphasize the brand’s core message. IMC approach also helps companies to reduce the overall promotional cost. The chosen target group of the company is males and females aged 19-35 (between 19 to 35 years), who are single or live t ogether with a partner (no children). Now, in-depth analysis of the chosen customer group will be carried out in the next section. On the basis of the findings from the detailed customer analysis, the IMC strategy will be recommended to the company. Audience Analysis Performa for the Audience Profile Your name: Name of the Student Registration no: - Registration Number of the Student Your chosen audience: - Males and females aged 19-35 who are single or live together with a partner and have no children. Circle one: - Individuals / Couples

Historical Example of Labor Supply and Demand Essay Example for Free

Historical Example of Labor Supply and Demand Essay The Luddite Revolt was a part of history that was relatively unknown to me. As such I decided to read it in great length. What I discovered was that at the dawn of the industrial revolution there became massive unemployment. This is because traditional craftsman were obsolete to some of the new manufacturing processes of the day. The industrial revolution made handmade crafts a thing of the past. The luddites were not adapted to handle the situation. These craftsmen felt so threatened by the new technology that they resorted to breaking the means of production associated with it. In 1816 there was a violent revolt of a Luddites which resulted in the breakage of 53 frames at Heathcote and Boden mills in Loughsboro UK. The cost of this revolt was significant. With automated machines now able to produce goods at a faster and cheaper rate than individual merchants these people found themselves without economic viability. They were reduced to being unskilled factory workers instead of the skilled craftsmen they had been before. Consequentially their wages suffered. Work that would have gained someone financial stability or independence was now paid at a substantially less price. In addition these folks didn’t have the ability to sell their own goods any longer. As they were now working in someone else’s factory they had little or no control over what was the asking price of the end product. The frustration these people felt led to the Luddite Revolts.

Matching the Differences in Grammar

Matching the Differences in Grammar Matching the Differences in Grammar and Lexicon in Translation Process Introduction In Nidas view, Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style (Nida, Eugene A., 1975: 14). In other words, translation is the process of transformation from a speech product (or text) produced in one language to a speech product (or text) in another language. During this process of transformation the level of content in the source text should remain unchanged. However, the modes of thinking and expression of English and Chinese are very different. The influential European-born American literary critic, translator, and educator George Steiner remarks, The difficulties of translating Chinese into a western language are notorious. Chinese is composed mainly of monosyllabic units with a wide range of diverse meanings. The grammar lacks clear tense distinctions. The characters are logographic but many contain pictorial rudiments or suggestions. The relations betwee n propositions are paratactic rather than syntactic and punctuation marks represent breathing pauses far more than they do logical or grammatical segmentations. (George Steiner/After Babel, 1998: 271) Chinese is a refined language with a tightly knit structure. Though it is one of the most ancient languages in the world, it still has strong expressiveness and utility value. During the process of translation, various differences between the grammar and lexicon are very common. The Chinese translator can never be so cocksure of what an English sentence or passage really means without being crystal clear about its syntactic and textual structure as well as the lexical and grammatical meanings of the expressions it contains. And a well-trained bilingual translator should have the ability to handle all these differences and give out a compete transcript of the original work, making sure the style and manner of writing are of the same character as that of the source text. In the following part, I will analyze some features in the grammar and lexicon of English and Chinese and give some translation strategies. Lexicon English has a large vocabulary. Historically, it absorbed a giant number of words from other languages, i.e. French, Latin and Greek. Given the various origins and the synonyms already existed in English, the English speaker always have several choices to express a certain meaning. Hence there are many synonyms and near-synonyms in English. Also, polysemy appears widely in this language. Chinese has copious synonyms as well as near-synonyms, too. So the translators need to carefully consider the differences between all of the options and find the right word to use in particular situations. There is no change of forms in Chinese vocabulary. The Chinese language users mainly express the meaning of a sentence through the words, the word orders and their internal logical relations. The English vocabulary has copious changes of forms, for instance, the nouns have singular and plural forms; the verbs have different forms when the person, the case, the tense, or the mood is changing; the adjectives and adverbs both have the comparative degree and the superlative degree; many words also can add the prefix or the suffix to change its meaning. While translating English to Chinese, the translator needs to add some words or change the form of Statement to show the change of forms in the English text. While translating Chinese to English, the translator should change certain forms to match the tense, the mood and the voice in the Chinese text. Here are two English sentences and their Chinese translations. His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness (). With defenses rig idly constructed in our own childhood and beyond, we can become frozen in our ability to adapt to the new role of caring for our children in a consistent and clear manner. Normal aspects of our childrens experience such as their emotionality, their helplessness and vulnerability, and their dependence on us can feel threatening and become intolerable (,,,,) In the first sentence, added to is translated as not which is translated word by word because uneasiness means which does not fit well with . The second sentence comes from a psychological book about parenthood named Parenting from the Inside Out which was translated to Chinese by me. There are two children in the text, I translated the first to and the second . The reason is that the first one is in the text of the new role of caring for our children, it is improper to say which is too redundant. Based on the code of the Chinese language, I omitted ? which stands for the plural form and which is a part of the   subject th at needless to mention. Generally speaking, in English, nouns, prepositions, adjectives and adverbs are more active and can express more meanings in the sentences while in Chinese, verbs, phrases and clauses are more powerful. Some adverbs in English are very informative which can be translated as a separate Chinese sentence or clause. In contrast, some Chinese clauses can be translated as a certain English word. For example, ,(He is a greenhand). Grammar The overt cohesive relationships between parts of the texts are necessarily linked to a languages grammatical system (Halliday and Hasan 1976: 44). Thus, grammatical differences between languages will be expressed by changes in the types of ties used to mark cohesion in the source and target texts (Shoshana Blum-Kulka, 1986: 18). I will analyze the grammatical differences between English and Chinese in terms of sentence word order, sentence structure and paragraph awareness. Sentence Word Order There are some similarities in the word order of the sentences between English and Chinese, for example, the orders of the main part of a sentence (the subject, the predicate, the object and the predicative) are the same. The differences lie in the positions of the attribute and the adverbial. Position of Attribute In Chinese sentences, the attribute is always in front of the modified noun. As for English, if the attribute is a word, it is placed in front of the modified noun too; if the attribute is a phrase, then its position is always behind the noun. For example, The man you saw yesterday is his cousin(). Position of adverbial If the adverbial is a word, it should be placed in front of the modified adjectives and other adverbials, no matter in English or Chinese. For example, He works very hard (). While the adverbial (a word) is modifying a verb, for Chinese, it should be placed in front of the modified word; for English, the position is more flexible. For instance, IT industry has been developing rapidly in these years(IT).The molecules of a gas are moving about extremely fast in all directions (). If the adverbial is a phrase, when it is modifying a verb, in English, the position of the phrase is flexible while in Chinese, in most cases, the phrase is in front of the modified part, e.g. William left the shop without a word (). Sentence structure The English sentences value hypotaxis while the Chinese sentences pay more attention on parataxis. The English language always use morphological changes, conjunctions, prepositions, attributive clauses and absolute structures to indicate the grammatical relation between sentence elements. Having no morphological changes, attributive clauses and absolute structures and few conjunctions and prepositions, the grammatical relations between elements in Chinese sentences are often indicated implicitly. The Chinese sentential form is more casual than English. For instance, They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives (,,,). Paragraph awareness In English, if the whole paragraph only mentioned one person or a certain thing, the subjects seldom change which keeps coherence of the text. As for Chinese, there is no such rule for maintaining the subjects in a paragraph. Hence, while translating a Chinese paragraph to English, the translator should pay attention to the subjects. Here is an example. ,,,,, (She got into her chair and was soon carried through the city wall. Peeping through the gauze panel which served as a window, she could see streets and buildings more rich and elegant and throngs of people more lively and numerous than she had ever seen in her life before) (Yang Hsien-yi/ Gladys Yang, 1995: 72). This sentence comes from the Classical Chinese Literature A Dream of Red Mansions and the English version was translated by Chinese translators Yang Hsien-yi and his wife Gladys Yang. The Chinese paragraph does not even mention the subject, but we can define that there are two subjects in this paragraph the person and t he street. As for the English version, in order to keep the coherence, the translator skillfully merges the second subject into the text by taking it as the object. Conclusion One of the translation standards put forward by Chinese translator and reformer Yan Fu in the 19th century is faithfulness (and the rest two are comprehensiveness and elegance). It is obvious that faithfulness is the most important standard among the three. However, there are disparities between one language and another disparities in lexicon, in grammar and in linguistic structure, etc. So it is impossible to achieve the absolute faithfulness. But a professional bilingual translator can achieve the real faithfulness in a possible sense a faithful translation in good formality with not only the original context, but also the original form and style. Though there are many differences in lexicon and grammar between Chinese and English, as long as the translators mind these differences and take the related translation strategies, they still can contribute very profound translations and help people speaking different languages communicate with each other. (1,942 words) References Halliday, M. and R. Hasan, 1976. Cohesion in English. London: Longman. George Steiner, After Babel, 1998. Aspects of Language and Translation. Oxford: Oxford University Press Nida, Eugene A., 1975. Language Structure and Translation. Stanford: Standford University Press, California Shoshana blum-kulka, 1986. Interlingual and Intercultural Communication: Discourse and Cognition in Translation and Second Language Acquisition Studies. Tubingen: Narr Yang Hsien-yi/ Gladys Yang, 1995. A Dream of Red Mansions. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press 12/16/2009   Page7 of 7